Fatores associados à depressão e ansiedade em nutricionistas na pandemia por COVID-19 / Factors associated with depression and anxiety in nutritionists in the COVID-19 pandemic

O objetivo foi investigar os fatores associados à depressão e/ou ansiedade em nutricionistas durante a pandemia por COVID-19. Estudo transversal com aplicação das escalas GAD-7 e PHQ-9. Dos 1.018 participantes 60,2% manifestaram rastreio positivo para depressão e/ou ansiedade, com maior força de associação para conflitos muito frequentes nas relações (OR = 11,11; IC95% 6,61;18,67), uso de medicação para dor (OR = 7,42; IC95% 4,67;11,79) e pensar sempre sobre a pandemia (OR = 6,5; IC95% 4,14;10,32). Não estar em tratamento psicoterápico (OR = 0,39; IC95% 0,27;0,560) e não estar em uso de medicamento psicotrópico (OR = 0,40; IC95% 0,26;0,60) foram associados a menores chances de rastreio positivo. O estudo resulta em conhecimento epidemiológico aplicável a ações de vigilância, prevenção e controle da ansiedade e depressão entre nutricionistas.

The objective was to investigate the factors associated with depression and/or anxiety and depression in nutritionists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional study with the application of the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scales. 1,018 participated, of which 60.2% showed positive screening for depression and/or anxiety, with a greater strength of association for very frequent conflicts in relationships (OR = 11.11; 95%CI 6.61;18.67), use of pain medication (OR = 7.42; 95%CI 4.67;11.79) and always thinking about the pandemic (OR = 6.5; 95%CI 4.14;10.32). Not being under psychotherapeutic treatment (OR = 0.39; 95%CI 0.27;0.560) and not using psychotropic medication (OR = 0.40; 95%CI 0.26;0.60) were associated with lower odds of positive screening. This study results in epidemiological knowledge applicable to surveillance, prevention and control of anxiety and depression among nutritionists.

Persistent organic pollutant patterns in seabirds from marine protected areas in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.

Persistent organic pollutants were investigated in the blood of living seabirds (Pterodroma arminjoniana, Onychoprion fuscatus, Sula dactylatra, Anous minutus, Anous stolidus and Sula leucogaster) from two Brazilian Conservation Units - Trindade Island and São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago. ∑PCBs (0.55 to 55.09 ng/g wet weight (ww), ∑DDTs (0.01 to 17.36 ng/g ww) and Mirex (0.01 to 5.53 ng/g ww) were predominant in all samples. Trindade petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana presented higher values than other seabirds, which is potentially related to diet and migratory behavior. Fluctuations in the trophic ecology data, through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, warn of temporal variation in diet and foraging and highlight the importance of using a nondestructive matrix to allow long-term monitoring of POP contamination in seabirds from Brazilian Conservation Units. In addition, the data will fill the gaps in the POP baselines for seabirds from the tropical Atlantic Ocean.

Depression is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome: Results from the ELSA-Brasil cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and depression comorbidity has been recognized, but its directionality is still uncertain. The aims of this study was to assess the association between depression (diagnosis and severity) and MetS (components, diagnosis and trajectory) in the baseline and over a 4-year follow-up period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Baseline and follow-up data from 13,883 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health were analyzed. The Clinical Interview Schedule Revised assessed depressive episode and its severity. MetS components and diagnosis were assessed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Participants were grouped according to MetS trajectory as recovered, incident and persistent MetS. Logistic regression analysis was conducted estimating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Baseline depression was positively associated with recovered (OR = 1.59, 95%CI 1.18-2.14), incident (OR = 1.45, 95%CI 1.09-1.91) and persistent (OR = 1.70, 95%CI 1.39-2.07) MetS. Baseline depression was also associated with large waist circumference (OR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.23-1.75), high triglycerides (OR = 1.23, 95%CI 1.02-1.49), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.08-1.56), and hyperglycemia (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.15-1.66) at follow-up. Having three or more MetS components at follow-up was associated with baseline depression, with a positive dose-response effect (OR = 1.77, 95%CI 1.29-2.43; OR = 1.79, 95%CI 1.26-2.54; OR = 2.27, 95%CI 1.50-3.46, respectively). The magnitude of associations was greater in severe depression, when compared to moderate and mild. DISCUSSION: These results support that depression is a risk factor for the development of MetS and highlights the need to follow metabolic and cardiovascular alterations in the presence of depression.

Sustainability in food service: A systematic review.

The irrational functioning of the food sector can negatively impact the environment and resources for future generations. The aim of this study is to analyse the assessment of sustainability indicators related to meal production processes and waste in the food service through a systematic literature review. The hypothesis is that these indicators are still little explored. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols. The databases consulted were Lilacs, Science Direct, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, OpenGrey and Greylit. Six different search strategies were applied, combining the terms sustainability and food service, plus manual searches. The search took place until April 2020 and there was no language restriction of the studies. After removing duplicates, 770 publications were identified through the search process, with 44 having been included in this review. Most publications carried out the quantification of food waste (38/44), while in 7/44 there were questionnaires, checklists and water footprint assessments. Most studies identified high indicators of waste, as well as little awareness of sustainability. Factors such as controlled portioning, omnivorous menus and dissatisfaction with the menu were reported to have caused the greatest losses in the process. This review identified a restricted assessment of sustainability in food service, countering the need to deepen these indicators and the effect of meal production processes on sustainable development.

Alimentación, estilo de vida y distanciamiento social: un estudio en el sureste brasilero durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Introducción: a raíz de la emergencia por la COVID-19, las medidas de distanciamiento social adoptadas para mitigar la tasa de infección pueden influenciar los hábitos alimentarios y otros factores de estilo de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación del distanciamiento social y los factores de estilo de vida en adultos del sureste brasilero durante la primera ola pandémica. Metodología: se trata de un estudio transversal con 1828 adultos de entre 18 y 83 años, de ambos sexos, realizado a través de un cuestionario en línea; se recolectaron y analizaron datos sociodemográficos, alimentarios, sanitarios y de estilo de vida, en función de si se guardó o no el distanciamiento social. Resultados: los resultados mostraron disminución del desayuno (12,5 %) y aumento del consumo de meriendas (24,5 % matutina y 12,5 % vespertina) y picoteos entre comidas (20,4 %), así como de la ingesta de verduras y leguminosas entre quienes estaban en distanciamiento social y de pescado y comida rápida entre los que no lo estaban; la mayoría de participantes reportó ganancia de peso a lo largo de este periodo. Las personas en confinamiento dormían más y su principal causa de ansiedad fueron las estadísticas de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: los hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de implementar estrategias de promoción de la salud acordes a circunstancias como la actual.

Introduction: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, measures of social distancing to reduce the rate of infection can influence eating habits and other lifestyle factors. This study aimed to assess the relationship between social distancing and lifestyle factors in adults in southeastern Brazil during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods:: It was a cross-sectional study with 1,828 adults between 18 and 83 years of age, of both sexes, carried out through an online questionnaire; sociodemographic, food, health, and lifestyle data were collected and analyzed based on whether or not the social distancing was carried out. Results: The results showed a decrease in breakfast consumption (12.5%) and an increase in the consumption of snacks (24.5% morning snack; 12.5% afternoon snack) and snacks between meals (20.4%) during the pandemic, as well as an increase in the consumption of vegetables and legumes among people who did social distancing and in the consumption of fish and fast food among those who did not do social distancing; most participants reported weight gain during social distancing. People who were in social distancing slept more compared to those who were not in social distancing. The main cause of anxiety among those who kept social distancing were COVID-19 statistics. Conclusion: The findings suggest the need for health promotion strategies adapted to the condition of confinement in circumstances such as the current pandemic.

Associations of depression and intake of antioxidants and vitamin B complex: Results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

BACKGROUND: Optimum functioning of the central nervous system is dependent on a wide range of nutrients, so mental illness can be impacted by diet via several mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the associations of antioxidants (vitamin A, C and E, and selenium and zinc) and vitamin B complex (B6, folate and B12) intake with depression in 14,737 subjects of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. METHODS: Baseline cross-sectional data was analyzed. Micronutrients intake was measured using the Food Frequency Questionnaire, and depression was assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule Revised. Logistic regression models were built using daily intake quintiles of micronutrients. RESULTS: A significant inverse relationship was observed between depression and higher intake of selenium, zinc, vitamins B6 and B12 for the total sample. Among women, a similar pattern of associations was observed, in addition to the higher intake of vitamins A and C. Among men, a significant inverse relationship between depression was observed only with the intake of vitamins B12 and B6. Higher total antioxidant intake was significantly associated with lower odds of depression and an inverse dose-response effect between total antioxidant intake and clinical severity of depression was observed among women, in adjusted models. LIMITATIONS: Recall bias in assessing diet. Misclassification bias regarding current depression. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is associated with lower intake of antioxidants and B vitamins. Higher intake of selected micronutrients may contribute to reduce depression occurrence and severity.

Depression subtypes and obesity in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Examining clinical features of depressive episodes may help elucidating the nature of association between depression and obesity, related to specific symptoms such as appetite and weight changes. This meta-analysis of observational studies evaluated whether subtypes of depression are associated with specific anthropometric profiles in adults. We searched MEDLINE, LILACS, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science databases, and Grey Literature for articles published up to October 2016 that examined depressive subtypes and adiposity measures among adults. The pooled effect size was estimated with random effects models. The PRISMA guidelines were adopted to reporting results, and this review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42016035685). A total of 22 articles were included in this systematic review, of which eight had data included in the meta-analysis, assessing 14 757 individuals with depression. Patients with atypical depression presented a 2.55 higher BMI score compared with those with melancholic depression. Subgroup analysis identified a differential distribution of anthropometric measures in studies conducted with Chinese populations. Among the remainder studies, only one reported discrepant results, possibly due to the exclusion of "weight change" in defining subtypes of depression. Atypical depression was significantly associated with elevated BMI compared with melancholic depression, deserving particular attention due to its clinical importance.

[Underestimation of obesity and overweight based on self-report measures in the general population: prevalence and a proposal for correction models]. / Subestimativa de obesidade e sobrepeso a partir de medidas autorrelatadas na população geral: prevalência e proposta de modelos para correção.

The study's objectives: compare self-report measures of weight and height with direct measures; assess the impact of these discrepancies on body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity; and apply correction models to the self-report measures and assess the degree of improvement in the corrected measures produced with the use of these models. A cross-sectional study was performed, assessing 4,151 adults (18 to 60 years) participating in the São Paulo Megacity Epidemiological Study. Linear regression models stratified by sex were proposed for correction of self-reported measures. Agreement was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient for the direct measures, self-report measures, and corrected measures, and kappa coefficient for BMI classification categories. Self-reported weight and the resulting BMI were underestimated, while height was overestimated, compared to direct measures. With all the correction models, the corrected measures were closer to the direct measures. Prevalence rates for excess weight, calculated by self-report measures, were underestimated by 24% in men and by 28% in women; with corrections, the underestimation decreased to 8% and 10%, respectively. The results showed moderate agreement for self-report measures and substantial agreement for corrected measures compared to direct measures. The use of correction equations for self-report data proved to be a useful method for producing more trustworthy estimates of prevalence of overweight and obesity in the general population, usually estimated from self-report measures of weight and height in population surveys.

Os objetivos deste artigo são: (i) comparar medidas autorrelatadas de peso e estatura com medidas aferidas; (ii) avaliar o impacto dessas discrepâncias sobre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade; e (iii) aplicar modelos de correção das medidas autorrelatadas e avaliar o grau de melhoria das medidas corrigidas produzidas pelo uso desses modelos. Realizou-se estudo transversal, com avaliação de 4.151 adultos (18 a 60 anos) participantes do Estudo Epidemiológico dos Transtornos Mentais São Paulo Megacity. Foram propostos e testados modelos de regressão linear estratificados por sexo, para a correção das medidas autorrelatadas. Para avaliar a concordância, usou-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para as medidas aferidas, medidas autorrelatadas e medidas corrigidas, bem como o coeficiente kappa para as categorias de classificação do IMC. O peso autorrelatado e o IMC resultantes foram subestimados, ao passo que a estatura foi superestimada, comparados às medidas aferidas. Com todos os modelos de correção, as medidas corrigidas tornaram-se mais próximas às medidas aferidas. As prevalências de excesso de peso, quando calculadas a partir das medidas autorrelatadas, estavam subestimadas em 24% em homens e 28% em mulheres. Com as correções, a subestimativa diminuiu para 8% e 10%, respectivamente. Identificou-se concordância moderada para as medidas autorrelatadas e concordância substancial para as medidas corrigidas, quando comparadas às medidas reais. O uso de equações de correção para dados autorrelatados mostrou-se um método útil para produzir estimativas mais fidedignas da prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade na população geral, geralmente estimadas a partir de medidas de peso e estatura autorrelatadas nos inquéritos populacionais.

Los objetivos fueron: comparar medidas autoinformadas de peso y estatura con medidas evaluadas; evaluar el impacto de estas discrepancias sobre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad; y aplicar modelos de corrección de las medidas autoinformadas y evaluar el grado de mejoría de las medidas corregidas, producidas por el uso de esos modelos. Se realizó un estudio transversal evaluando a 4.151 adultos (18 a 60 años), participantes en el Estudio Epidemiológico São Paulo Megacity. Se propusieron y probaron modelos de regresión lineal estratificados por sexo para la corrección de las medidas autoinformadas. Para evaluar la concordancia, se usó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para las medidas evaluadas, medidas autoinformadas y medidas corregidas, y el coeficiente kappa para las categorías de clasificación del IMC. El peso autoinformado y el IMC resultantes fueron subestimados mientras la estatura fue sobrestimada, comparados con las medidas evaluadas. Con todos los modelos de corrección, las medidas corregidas se convirtieron en más cercanas a las medidas evaluadas. Las prevalencias de exceso de peso, cuando se calculan a partir de las medidas autoinformadas, estaban subestimadas en un 24% en hombres y un 28% en las mujeres; con las correcciones, la infravaloración disminuyó a un 8% y un 10%, respectivamente. Se identificó una concordancia moderada para las medidas autoinformadas y una concordancia sustancial para las medidas corregidas, cuando se compararon con las medidas reales. El uso de ecuaciones de corrección para dados autoinformados se mostró un método útil para producir estimaciones más fidedignas de la prevalencia de exceso de peso y obesidad en la población general, generalmente estimadas a partir de medidas de peso y estatura autoinformadas en las encuestas poblacionales.

Validade de medidas autorrelatadas de peso corporal e estatura em participantes do estudo São Paulo Megacity / Validity of self-reported measures of body weight and height in participants of the São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey

Resumo Introdução A utilização de indicadores válidos na avaliação do estado nutricional populacional é muito importante. Objetivo Avaliou-se a concordância entre medidas aferidas e autorrelatadas de peso corporal, estatura e IMC, e identificou-se fatores que exercem influência sobre o autorrelato. Método Estudo transversal de base populacional de adultos da Região Metropolitana de SP (N=766). Cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e análises gráficas de Bland & Altman foram conduzidos, avaliando a concordância dessas medidas. Resultados Na amostra total, e para ambos os sexos, foram subestimados o peso corporal autorrelatado e, consequentemente, o IMC, enquanto a estatura autorrelatada foi superestimada. A imprecisão no autorrelato foi influenciada pelo sexo, idade, escolaridade e estado nutricional. A confiabilidade encontrada entre as medidas foi elevada em ambos os sexos e na amostra total (peso corporal CCI 0,951/IC 0,938-0,961; estatura CCI 0,870/IC 0,597-0,939; IMC CCI 0,865/IC 0,677-0,928). A prevalência de excesso de peso pelas medidas autorrelatadas mostrou-se subestimada (13%), quando comparada àquela calculada através das medidas aferidas. Conclusão O autorrelato pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores, produzindo medidas imprecisas. Sua utilização em inquéritos populacionais pode acarretar em uma importante subestimativa do risco de adoecimento e mortalidade prematura por doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas associados ao excesso de peso.

Abstract Background The use of valid indicators for the evaluation of the nutritional status of the population was very important. Objective The concordance between measured and self-reported data of body weight and height and BMI were evaluated and the factors that exert influence on the self-report. Method This is a cross-sectional population-based study of adults from the Metropolitan Region of SP (N=766). Calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficients and graphical analyzes of Bland & Altman were conducted, evaluating the agreement of these measures. Results In the total sample and for both genders, the self-reported body weight and the BMI were underestimated, while the self-reported height was overestimated. The imprecision in self-report was influenced by gender, age, school level,and nutritional status. The agreement between the measures was high in both genders and in the total sample (weight ICC 0.951/CI 0.938-0.961; height ICC 0.870/CI 0.597-0.939; BMI ICC 0.865/CI 0.677-0.928). The prevalence of overweight by self-reported measures was underestimated (13%) when compared to that calculated by the measured data. Conclusion Self-report can be influenced by several factors, producing imprecise measures. Its use in population surveys may lead to an important underestimation of the risk of illness and premature mortality for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases associated with overweight.

[Exposure to breastfeeding and common mental disorders in adolescence]. / Exposição ao aleitamento materno e transtornos mentais comuns na adolescência.

This article sought to evaluate the effect of exposure, and exposure time, to breastfeeding on the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD) among Brazilian adolescents enrolled in school. This study analyzed data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), evaluating those whose questionnaire regarding breastfeeding had been filled out by parents or guardians. The presence of CMD was identified using the General Health Questionnaire, version 12 items (GHQ-12), and we considered two cutoff points (scores ≥ 3 and ≥ 5). We tested the associations in bivariate analyses and through multiple logistical regression models, adjusting for potential confounding variables. Of the 41,723 adolescents we evaluated, most were students of the female sex (54.6%), aged between 12 and 15 years (71%), attended public schools (83.1%), resided in the Southeastern region (51.9%) and belonged to the economic classes B (53.8%) and C (34.1%). Around half of the adolescents' mothers had not completed their secondary education (51.7%). The group of adolescents who were breastfed for more than six months (51.8%) had a lower CMD prevalence for both GHQ-12 cutoff points, when compared with the group who were not breastfed or who were breastfed for ≤ 1 month (IR = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.69-0.97 and IR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.59-0.91 for 3 and 5 points, respectively). Prolonged breastfeeding seems to play a protective role on the occurrence of CMD in adolescence.

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição e do tempo de exposição ao aleitamento materno na ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Este trabalho analisou dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), avaliando aqueles que tiveram o questionário referente ao aleitamento materno respondido pelos pais ou responsáveis. A presença de TMC foi identificada pelo General Health Questionnaire, versão 12 itens (GHQ-12), considerando-se dois pontos de corte (escores ≥ 3 e ≥ 5). As associações foram testadas em análises bivariadas e por meio de modelos de regressão logística múltipla, com ajustes por variáveis potenciais de confusão. Dentre os 41.723 adolescentes avaliados, a maioria foi composta por estudantes do sexo feminino (54,6%), que tinham idades entre 12 e 15 anos (71%), estudavam em escolas públicas (83,1%), residiam na Região Sudeste (51,9%) e eram das classes econômicas B (53,8%) e C (34,1%). Cerca de metade das mães dos adolescentes não tinha o ensino médio completo (51,7%). O grupo de adolescentes com mais de seis meses de aleitamento materno (51,8%) apresentou uma menor prevalência de TMC para os dois pontos de corte do GHQ-12 avaliados, quando comparado com o grupo que não recebeu aleitamento materno ou que o recebeu por período ≤ 1 mês (RI = 0,82; IC95%:0,69-0,97 e RI = 0,74; IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 e 5 pontos, respectivamente). O aleitamento materno prolongado parece desempenhar um papel protetor para a ocorrência de TMC na adolescência.

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la exposición y del tiempo de exposición a la lactancia materna en la ocurrencia de trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileñas. Este trabajo analizó datos del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), evaluando aquellos, cuyo cuestionario -referente a la lactancia materna- había sido respondido por los padres o responsables legales. La presencia de TMC fue identificada por el General Health Questionnaire, versión 12 ítems (GHQ-12), considerándose dos puntos de corte (puntuaciones ≥ 3 y ≥ 5). Las asociaciones fueron probadas en análisis bivariados, y a través de modelos de regresión logística múltiple, con ajustes por variables potenciales de confusión. Entre los 41.723 adolescentes evaluados, la mayoría estuvo compuesta por estudiantes que eran del sexo femenino (54,6%), que tenían una edad entre 12 y 15 años (71%), estudiaban en escuelas públicas (83,1%), residían en la región Sudeste (51,9%) y eran de las clases económicas B (53,8%) y C (34,1%). Cerca de la mitad de las madres de los adolescentes no contaba con la enseñanza media completa (51,7%). El grupo de adolescentes con más de seis meses de lactancia materna (51,8%) presentó una menor prevalencia de TMC para los dos puntos de corte del GHQ-12 evaluados, cuando se comparan con el grupo que no recibió lactancia materna o que la recibió durante un período ≤ 1 mes (RI = 0,82; IC95%: 0,69-0,97 y RI = 0,74 y IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 y 5 puntos, respectivamente). La lactancia materna prolongada parece desempeñar un papel protector para la ocurrencia de TMC en la adolescencia.

Influence of intervention on the menu's nutritional and sensory qualities and on the food waste of children's education center.

The aim was to evaluate the influence of an intervention on the nutritional and sensory quality of the menus and on the food waste of a Children's Educational Center. It is a quasi-experimental study that used the Qualitative Assessment of the Menu Preparations method and performed the waste-ingestion quantities and clean leftovers. The intervention was characterized by the inclusion of new recipes and adequacy of portions according to recommendations for the children's age group. Data were analyzed using the Mann Whitney test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The intervention resulted in a reduction in the occurrence of the side dish supply, color monotony, presence of sweets, presence of fried foods, sweets associated with fried foods, and repetition of the main dish cooking technique. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the average quantities of waste-ingestion/child (from 69.02 ± 11.87g to 37.06 ± 15.57g), clean leftovers /child (from 161.47 ± 44.12g to 35.23 ± 33.73 g) and clean leftovers percentage (from 39.56 ± 7.96 to 21.01 ± 17.15). The positive influence of intervention reinforces the importance of adjustments in recipes and portioning of preparations to meet the nutritional recommendations and to control food waste.

Influence of intervention on the menu's nutritional and sensory qualities and on the food waste of children's education center / Influência da intervenção na qualidade nutricional e sensorial de cardápios e resto-ingestão de centro de educação infantil

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the influence of an intervention on the nutritional and sensory quality of the menus and on the food waste of a Children's Educational Center. It is a quasi-experimental study that used the Qualitative Assessment of the Menu Preparations method and performed the waste-ingestion quantities and clean leftovers. The intervention was characterized by the inclusion of new recipes and adequacy of portions according to recommendations for the children's age group. Data were analyzed using the Mann Whitney test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The intervention resulted in a reduction in the occurrence of the side dish supply, color monotony, presence of sweets, presence of fried foods, sweets associated with fried foods, and repetition of the main dish cooking technique. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the average quantities of waste-ingestion/child (from 69.02 ± 11.87g to 37.06 ± 15.57g), clean leftovers /child (from 161.47 ± 44.12g to 35.23 ± 33.73 g) and clean leftovers percentage (from 39.56 ± 7.96 to 21.01 ± 17.15). The positive influence of intervention reinforces the importance of adjustments in recipes and portioning of preparations to meet the nutritional recommendations and to control food waste.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de uma intervenção na qualidade dos cardápios e no desperdício de alimentos em um Centro de Educação Infantil. Trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental que utilizou o método de Avaliação Qualitativa de Preparações de Cardápios e avaliou quantidades de resto-ingestão e sobra limpa. A intervenção foi caracterizada pela inclusão de receituários e adequação do porcionamento das preparações segundo recomendações para a faixa etária. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Mann Whitney, nível de significância de p < 0,05. A intervenção proporcionou redução na ocorrência de oferta de guarnição, monotonia de cores, presença de doce, presença de frituras e de doce associado a fritura e repetição da técnica de cocção do prato principal. Além disso, observou-se redução significativa nas quantidades médias de resto-ingestão/criança (de 69,02 ± 11,87g para 37,06 ± 15,57g), de sobra limpa/criança (de 161,47 ± 44,12g para 35,23 ± 33,73 g) e do percentual de sobra limpa (de 39,55 ± 7,96 para 21,01 ± 17,15). A influência positiva da intervenção reforça a importância de adequações nos receituários e no porcionamento, para o atendimento das recomendações nutricionais e controle do desperdício de alimentos no ambiente escolar.

Exposição ao aleitamento materno e transtornos mentais comuns na adolescência / Exposure to breastfeeding and common mental disorders in adolescence / Exposición a la lactancia materna y trastornos mentales comunes en la adolescencia

Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição e do tempo de exposição ao aleitamento materno na ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Este trabalho analisou dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), avaliando aqueles que tiveram o questionário referente ao aleitamento materno respondido pelos pais ou responsáveis. A presença de TMC foi identificada pelo General Health Questionnaire, versão 12 itens (GHQ-12), considerando-se dois pontos de corte (escores ≥ 3 e ≥ 5). As associações foram testadas em análises bivariadas e por meio de modelos de regressão logística múltipla, com ajustes por variáveis potenciais de confusão. Dentre os 41.723 adolescentes avaliados, a maioria foi composta por estudantes do sexo feminino (54,6%), que tinham idades entre 12 e 15 anos (71%), estudavam em escolas públicas (83,1%), residiam na Região Sudeste (51,9%) e eram das classes econômicas B (53,8%) e C (34,1%). Cerca de metade das mães dos adolescentes não tinha o ensino médio completo (51,7%). O grupo de adolescentes com mais de seis meses de aleitamento materno (51,8%) apresentou uma menor prevalência de TMC para os dois pontos de corte do GHQ-12 avaliados, quando comparado com o grupo que não recebeu aleitamento materno ou que o recebeu por período ≤ 1 mês (RI = 0,82; IC95%:0,69-0,97 e RI = 0,74; IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 e 5 pontos, respectivamente). O aleitamento materno prolongado parece desempenhar um papel protetor para a ocorrência de TMC na adolescência.

Abstract: This article sought to evaluate the effect of exposure, and exposure time, to breastfeeding on the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD) among Brazilian adolescents enrolled in school. This study analyzed data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), evaluating those whose questionnaire regarding breastfeeding had been filled out by parents or guardians. The presence of CMD was identified using the General Health Questionnaire, version 12 items (GHQ-12), and we considered two cutoff points (scores ≥ 3 and ≥ 5). We tested the associations in bivariate analyses and through multiple logistical regression models, adjusting for potential confounding variables. Of the 41,723 adolescents we evaluated, most were students of the female sex (54.6%), aged between 12 and 15 years (71%), attended public schools (83.1%), resided in the Southeastern region (51.9%) and belonged to the economic classes B (53.8%) and C (34.1%). Around half of the adolescents' mothers had not completed their secondary education (51.7%). The group of adolescents who were breastfed for more than six months (51.8%) had a lower CMD prevalence for both GHQ-12 cutoff points, when compared with the group who were not breastfed or who were breastfed for ≤ 1 month (IR = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.69-0.97 and IR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.59-0.91 for 3 and 5 points, respectively). Prolonged breastfeeding seems to play a protective role on the occurrence of CMD in adolescence.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la exposición y del tiempo de exposición a la lactancia materna en la ocurrencia de trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileñas. Este trabajo analizó datos del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), evaluando aquellos, cuyo cuestionario -referente a la lactancia materna- había sido respondido por los padres o responsables legales. La presencia de TMC fue identificada por el General Health Questionnaire, versión 12 ítems (GHQ-12), considerándose dos puntos de corte (puntuaciones ≥ 3 y ≥ 5). Las asociaciones fueron probadas en análisis bivariados, y a través de modelos de regresión logística múltiple, con ajustes por variables potenciales de confusión. Entre los 41.723 adolescentes evaluados, la mayoría estuvo compuesta por estudiantes que eran del sexo femenino (54,6%), que tenían una edad entre 12 y 15 años (71%), estudiaban en escuelas públicas (83,1%), residían en la región Sudeste (51,9%) y eran de las clases económicas B (53,8%) y C (34,1%). Cerca de la mitad de las madres de los adolescentes no contaba con la enseñanza media completa (51,7%). El grupo de adolescentes con más de seis meses de lactancia materna (51,8%) presentó una menor prevalencia de TMC para los dos puntos de corte del GHQ-12 evaluados, cuando se comparan con el grupo que no recibió lactancia materna o que la recibió durante un período ≤ 1 mes (RI = 0,82; IC95%: 0,69-0,97 y RI = 0,74 y IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 y 5 puntos, respectivamente). La lactancia materna prolongada parece desempeñar un papel protector para la ocurrencia de TMC en la adolescencia.

Subestimativa de obesidade e sobrepeso a partir de medidas autorrelatadas na população geral: prevalência e proposta de modelos para correção / Underestimation of obesity and overweight based on self-report measures in the general population: prevalence and a proposal for correction models / Infravaloración de obesidad y sobrepeso a partir de medidas autoinformadas en población general: prevalencia y propuesta de modelos para su corrección

Os objetivos deste artigo são: (i) comparar medidas autorrelatadas de peso e estatura com medidas aferidas; (ii) avaliar o impacto dessas discrepâncias sobre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade; e (iii) aplicar modelos de correção das medidas autorrelatadas e avaliar o grau de melhoria das medidas corrigidas produzidas pelo uso desses modelos. Realizou-se estudo transversal, com avaliação de 4.151 adultos (18 a 60 anos) participantes do Estudo Epidemiológico dos Transtornos Mentais São Paulo Megacity. Foram propostos e testados modelos de regressão linear estratificados por sexo, para a correção das medidas autorrelatadas. Para avaliar a concordância, usou-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para as medidas aferidas, medidas autorrelatadas e medidas corrigidas, bem como o coeficiente kappa para as categorias de classificação do IMC. O peso autorrelatado e o IMC resultantes foram subestimados, ao passo que a estatura foi superestimada, comparados às medidas aferidas. Com todos os modelos de correção, as medidas corrigidas tornaram-se mais próximas às medidas aferidas. As prevalências de excesso de peso, quando calculadas a partir das medidas autorrelatadas, estavam subestimadas em 24% em homens e 28% em mulheres. Com as correções, a subestimativa diminuiu para 8% e 10%, respectivamente. Identificou-se concordância moderada para as medidas autorrelatadas e concordância substancial para as medidas corrigidas, quando comparadas às medidas reais. O uso de equações de correção para dados autorrelatados mostrou-se um método útil para produzir estimativas mais fidedignas da prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade na população geral, geralmente estimadas a partir de medidas de peso e estatura autorrelatadas nos inquéritos populacionais.

The study's objectives: compare self-report measures of weight and height with direct measures; assess the impact of these discrepancies on body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity; and apply correction models to the self-report measures and assess the degree of improvement in the corrected measures produced with the use of these models. A cross-sectional study was performed, assessing 4,151 adults (18 to 60 years) participating in the São Paulo Megacity Epidemiological Study. Linear regression models stratified by sex were proposed for correction of self-reported measures. Agreement was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient for the direct measures, self-report measures, and corrected measures, and kappa coefficient for BMI classification categories. Self-reported weight and the resulting BMI were underestimated, while height was overestimated, compared to direct measures. With all the correction models, the corrected measures were closer to the direct measures. Prevalence rates for excess weight, calculated by self-report measures, were underestimated by 24% in men and by 28% in women; with corrections, the underestimation decreased to 8% and 10%, respectively. The results showed moderate agreement for self-report measures and substantial agreement for corrected measures compared to direct measures. The use of correction equations for self-report data proved to be a useful method for producing more trustworthy estimates of prevalence of overweight and obesity in the general population, usually estimated from self-report measures of weight and height in population surveys.

Los objetivos fueron: comparar medidas autoinformadas de peso y estatura con medidas evaluadas; evaluar el impacto de estas discrepancias sobre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad; y aplicar modelos de corrección de las medidas autoinformadas y evaluar el grado de mejoría de las medidas corregidas, producidas por el uso de esos modelos. Se realizó un estudio transversal evaluando a 4.151 adultos (18 a 60 años), participantes en el Estudio Epidemiológico São Paulo Megacity. Se propusieron y probaron modelos de regresión lineal estratificados por sexo para la corrección de las medidas autoinformadas. Para evaluar la concordancia, se usó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para las medidas evaluadas, medidas autoinformadas y medidas corregidas, y el coeficiente kappa para las categorías de clasificación del IMC. El peso autoinformado y el IMC resultantes fueron subestimados mientras la estatura fue sobrestimada, comparados con las medidas evaluadas. Con todos los modelos de corrección, las medidas corregidas se convirtieron en más cercanas a las medidas evaluadas. Las prevalencias de exceso de peso, cuando se calculan a partir de las medidas autoinformadas, estaban subestimadas en un 24% en hombres y un 28% en las mujeres; con las correcciones, la infravaloración disminuyó a un 8% y un 10%, respectivamente. Se identificó una concordancia moderada para las medidas autoinformadas y una concordancia sustancial para las medidas corregidas, cuando se compararon con las medidas reales. El uso de ecuaciones de corrección para dados autoinformados se mostró un método útil para producir estimaciones más fidedignas de la prevalencia de exceso de peso y obesidad en la población general, generalmente estimadas a partir de medidas de peso y estatura autoinformadas en las encuestas poblacionales.

Estado nutricional, alterações metabólicas e hábitos alimentares em adolescentes do município de Viçosa, MG / Nutritional status, metabolic changes and food habits in adolescents of Viçosa, MG

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether excessive weight and body fat are associated with metabolic and food habits changes in adolescents METHODS: It was made the analysis Body composition, food habits, fasting glucose and lipid levels were analyzed from 159 adolescents, aged 10 to 14 years, male and female, from public schools in Viçosa MG. We used Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; Student's t distribution and Mann Whitney; Pearson and Spearman correlation, chi-square and Poisson regression, with p< 0.05. Results: From the total changes found, 25.6%; 39% and 67.3% corresponded, respectively, to overweight, excessive body fat and inadequate total cholesterol. Adolescents with excessive weight and body fat have the highest weight, waist and hip circumference, Body Mass Index of Fat (BMIF), Body Mass Index Fat Free (BMIFF) values. Overweight adolescents had a higher prevalence of HDL (PR = 2.55, 95%CI = 1.52 to 4.29) and triglycerides (PR = 3.30, 95%CI = 1.44 to 7.57) inadequacy and those with excessive body fat have a tripled prevalence of low HDL levels (PR = 3.05, 95%CI = 1.69 to 5.48, p < 0.001). The association between excessive weight and HDL and triglycerides remained significant following adjustment for gender and age; however, for excessive body fat, only the association with HDL remained significant after the adjustment (PR = 3.07, 95%CI = 1.70 to 5.54). There was no association of nutritional status (BMI/age) and body fat percentage with inadequate intake of food groups, as well as the inadequate availability of sugar and oil. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive weight and/or body fat was associated with inadequate levels of HDL and triglycerides, reinforcing the importance of adequate lifestyle to prevent these changes

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o excesso de peso e o excesso de gordura corporal estão associados com alterações metabólicas e hábitos alimentares em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Analisaram se composição corporal, hábitos alimentares, glicemia de jejum e níveis lipídicos de 159 adolescentes de 10-14 anos, de ambos os sexos, de escolas públicas de Viçosa, MG. Utilizaram-se os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t de Student e Mann Whitney; correlação de Pearson e Spearman, qui-quadrado e regressão de Poisson bruta e ajustada, com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Em relação às alterações apresentadas, 25,6%, 39% e 67,3% apresentaram, respectivamente, excesso de peso, excesso de gordura corporal e colesterol total inadequado. Adolescentes com excesso de peso e de gordura corporal apresentaram maiores valores de peso, circunferência da cintura e do quadril, Índice de Massa Corporal de Gordura (IMCG) e Índice de Massa Corporal Livre de Gordura (IMCLG). Adolescentes com excesso de peso apresentaram maiores prevalências de inadequação de HDL (RP = 2,55; 95%IC = 1,52 4,29) e triglicerídeos (RP = 3,30; 95%IC = 1,44-7,57) e adolescentes com excesso de gordura corporal apresentaram uma prevalência triplicada de baixos níveis de HDL (RP = 3,05; 95%IC = 1,69-5,48; p grupos alimentares, bem como com a inadequação da disponibilidade de açúcar e de óleo. CONCLUSÕES: O excesso de peso e/ou de gordura corporal esteve associado aos níveis inadequados de HDL e triglicerídeos, reforçando a importância do estilo de vida adequado para prevenção dessas alterações